Excellent Holiday Reading: Half Blood Blues by Esi Edugyan

half blood bluesEsi Edugyan’s second novel Half Blood Blues is outstanding.  I got a copy as a gift and just finished reading it.  After reading about the book after it won an Anisfield-Wolf award, I was looking forward to curling up with it, and I was not disappointed.  It presents a haunting tale of a racially diverse group of musicians in Europe, particularly Berlin and Paris, as World War II begins.  The flawed, thoughtful main character is nuanced and conflicted in a way that propels the novel forward and backward through time.  The jazz references and presentation of race relations in Europe and America also added to the complexity.  I strongly suggest going out and reading this book.  Unfortunately, as with much modern fiction there is material here that make it a book I cannot teach to high school students although it would be a great way for them to look at literary art as well as the transatlantic currents of history.

(A side note, I had not read about the black Germans who were the result of relationships between French colonial soldiers occupying the Rhineland and German women, and now I feel inspired to look into that facet of history.)

 

Are We in A Post-Reconstructionist America?

Hiram Rhodes Revels, in 1870 elected as the first black senator.  The article implies a parallel between him and Barack Obama

Flash back to U.S. History and remember Reconstruction, the period of time after the Civil War when the South was occupied by Union forces, the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments were adopted, and blacks gained a greater role in society and in politics.  The accomplishments of this period were short lived as the nation grew weary of the commitment involved, troops were withdrawn, attention no longer paid, and the lights went out across the South with the implementation of Jim Crow and the removal of blacks from the positions they had held.

According to a post by John Blake on the CNN In America blog, today in America we may be at a similar historical moment.  Blake points out that during Reconstruction there were political first such as the election of the first black Senator just like now there is the first black president.  He points out that in both cases the ascension of blacks to higher office led to a racist backlash.  He also discusses how strategies and language used in opposition to Obama are similar to those used in opposition to Reconstruction.

He does acknowledge that there are differences, number one being the lack of military occupation.  Still, I think the argument goes to far.  Given the level of actual violence in response to Reconstruction, the true and utter lack of black power during that time period and particularly the truly hostile attitude of the court system (Plessy v. Ferguson), it was a much more horrific period than today.  This comparison smacks of hyperbole.  It may work as a kind of metaphor but it lacks a grounding in historical reality.

Assassin’s Creed III: Accurate Portrayal of Native Americans

Not being a video game maven, all I knew about Assassin’s Creed III was what I was on commercials during football games.  It appeared to be another violent game encouraging individuals to assume the role of a purveyor of violence and mayhem.  Them I read a summary of reviews on Indian Country.  Here are key excerpts:

James “DexX” Dominguez, writing for the Sydney Morning Herald, shed light on Ubi Soft’s approach to the Native elements AC III. “The game’s creators consulted with the tribes depicted in the game, ensuring they made the language, clothing, weapons, and dwellings as authentic as possible. While it may bug some players, I was pleased to see that the tribespeople speak in their native language and have English subtitles.”

“We really wanted to have a real, authentic showcase of Native American culture,” Julien Laferrière, an associate producer at Ubi Soft, told Dominguez. “We wanted to move as far away as possible from the stereotypes.”

Numerous articles about the development of the game refer to a dread felt by the rest of the world regarding AC III‘s setting — gamers in Europe and elsewhere were presumably worried that AC III would have to be a flag-waving farce in order to appeal to the American audience. Writing in Slate, Erik Sofge tackles the issue, and reports that AC III‘s story does not try to glorify the United States, and rather displays “the desire to defend those original Americans, specifically the Mohawks and Iriquois in the Northeast, who watch this white man’s conflict unfold.”

“Inhabiting [Conor's] point of view allows you to watch long-standing, formalized tribal alliances shatter as groups align with the Brits and the colonists,” Sofge continues. “But whoever wins, it’s clear—the Native Americans are going to lose, and lose everything.” Sofge goes on to describe the importance of Thomas Deer, the cultural liaison for the Kanien’kehá:ka Onkwawén:na Raotitióhkwa Language and Cultural Center, who worked with Ubi Soft to bring a level of accuracy to the game far beyond what the average gamer might have required. For instance, when Ubi Soft sound engineers wanted to add Native-language background chatter into a scene, Deer had them record Mohawk children playing on a playground.

The payoff of Ubi Soft’s efforts, Sofge writes, is something that stands out among not just games but also movies and TV as possibly the first mainstream look at Native American history that isn’t pandering or offensive (emphasis added).

Wow!  This videogame is the first fair portrayal of Native Americans in mainstream visual media.  I almost want to go play it to find out.  No, I don’t think my interest goes that far.

Bumper Sticker: What’s So Special About English?

I drove to school today behind a van sporting this bumper sticker.

As an English teacher  I appreciate the first line even though I know many individuals who did not need an English teacher to learn to read (Frederick Douglass for example) and even know of cases where English teachers have gotten in  the way of learning to read.  But what struck me was the second line.  I do not think I would mind if were reading the bumper sticker in another language.  Were I reading it in Algonquin, I would not mind as that would signal the preservation of indigenous cultures.  Were I reading it in French or Spanish or German or Russian or Chinese, I would not mind.  Lots of great literature has been written in those languages.  I think the bumper sticker is trying to use language as a proxy for governmental structure.  The implication is that speaking English means we are a democracy that preserves individual freedom whereas speaking another language would mean we were the subject people of a dictatorship.  In short there is an implied link between English and freedom. While I greatly appreciate what our soldiers have done to preserve our freedoms,  I do not think the link of English to freedom works.  In fact, the soldiers who have fought to preserve our freedom, fought to preserve the freedom of speech, which, as far as I know, can be practiced in any language.

Bess the Horse gets Testicles: The John H. Morgan Statue

This is basically a summary of an old post from Sociological Images, but I could not stop laughing when I read it, so I thought I would include it.

There is a statue in Lexington of Civil War general John H. Morgan on his trusty steed, Bess.  However, the artist gave Bess (a mare), testicles.  According to Wikipedia the artist, Pompeo Coppini, stated that ”No hero should bestride a mare!”  What an entertaining intersection of gender, art, stereotypes, memory and heroism.  If a male hero cannot ride a mare, what about a female hero?  Should she be astride a mare or a stallion?  What about poor Bess?  Is she comfortable assuming a gender queer identity?

Here is a picture of the statue from an angle that allows one to see the anatomical addition.

 

Whose Voice Controls Commemorations?

James Meredith has refused to have anything to do with University of Mississippi commemorations of its desegregation.  This refusal and his critique of the celebration leads me to consider whose voice controls these celebrations.  In a case of a university violently resisting integration, what happens when the university turns around and commemorates the event? If one assumes that winners write the history, it is odd that the university is controlling the commemoration because on one level they lost and Meredith and his allies won.  However, the university despite losing maintains more power over the message and narrative than Meredith so despite being vanquished in the past they run the commemoration.  Also, the university can be said to have won by losing; in other words by losing the fight to remain segregated they won in a sense that as an institution they evolved toward greater acceptance.  Then there is the question as to who at the university is controlling the commemoration.  If the commemoration is in the hands of black individuals at the university, those for whom the Meredith opened the door, then that adds a dimension.

Overall, the entire issue is thought provoking, but I cannot come to any sort of conclusions, nor would I want to as a northern, white liberal.

 

Here are the details as to what Meredith said according to Cord Jefferson for Gawker who reports:

Though he is alive and in good health, the now 79-year-old Meredith refused to attend the services, believing them to be misguided, according to reports.

“I ain’t never heard of the Germans celebrating the invasion of Normandy, or the bombing and destruction of Berlin. I ain’t never heard of the Spanish celebrating the destruction of the Armada.”

Asked to clarify, Meredith said: “Did you find anything 50 years ago that I should be celebrating?”

Additionally he noted ”Mississippi has so humiliated me,” telling the AP”They ain’t never acknowledged that there was a war.”

Radical Views of Slavery, Africa, and Blessings

Arkansas State Rep. Jon Hubbard published a book entitled, “Letters to the Editor: Confessions of a Frustrated Conservative” and various bloggers have been pointing out some strikingly problematic passages in that book:

“… the institution of slavery that the black race has long believed to be an abomination upon its people may actually have been a blessing in disguise. The blacks who could endure those conditions and circumstances would someday be rewarded with citizenship in the greatest nation ever established upon the face of the Earth.” (Pages 183-89)

“[African Americans must] understand that even while in the throes of slavery, their lives as Americans are likely much better than they ever would have enjoyed living in sub-Saharan Africa.”  

“Knowing what we know today about life on the African continent, would an existence spent in slavery have been any crueler than a life spent in sub-Saharan Africa?” (Pages 93 and 189)

These are very troubling, inexcusable quotations and for an elected representative who is presumably educated and knowledgeable about the world.  However, when I think of the way Africa is presented in the media, I understand how Americans might hold at least some of these views.  Consider the average news coverage of Africa, coups, wars, starvation, violence,  torture and other forms of mayhem and suffering.  Except for one interview on the BBC, I do not recall any coverage of economic success, the urban middle class, or other forms of African success or progress recently. When I have talked with African exchange students they often complain of this perception gap.

Given this gap, I do not find it hard to believe that some Americans (hopefully not elected officials) have come to view Africa as a horrible place to which any alternative is preferable.  Certainly it is a leap to considering the indescribable suffering of slavery as a fair price to pay to escape the supposed horrors of Africa, but I can see where this idea could come from if one only has a very limited view of Africa.

In some twisted way Barack Obama’s background could even support this interpretation.  His father came from Africa, conceived a child in America who became president, a story that could be interpreted as showing the great superiority of American opportunities–such great superiority that any means of coming to America becomes worthwhile.  I do not agree with that logic, but depending on what one knows and sees I can understand where it could come from.

Nathaniel Bedford Forrest Monument Delayed

Nathaniel Bedford Forrest (image from House Divided site of Dickinson College)

Work on a Nathaniel Bedford Forrest monument in Selma, Alabama has been stopped pending an investigation of land ownership issues.  The details including information on Malika Fortier, the woman who led the protest, can be found in this Daily Beast piece.  Reading the article and especially the comments below remind me of how contentious history and memory can be.  I would not support a Forrest monument given his involvement in the Fort Pillow massacre and ties to the founding of the Ku Klux Klan, but I am a liberal Yankee so my opposition is to be expected.  This news story reminds me yet again of how contentious history can be, especially when it comes to monuments.  It also points out the key difference between public and private land and, hence, speech.  If the land in question turns out to be private, then the owners can go ahead and erect the monument or whatever they want.  They have the right to express themselves.  If it is public, it becomes a matter of the democratic decision making process.  The intersection might be if the land is discovered to be private but then a zoning regulation prohibiting monuments of a certain size or nature is enacted.

National Statuary Hall Part II: Racial Breakdown

According to my count, of the 100 statues in National Statuary Hall the racial breakdown of the individuals portrayed is as follows:

93 White

5 Native American

1 Hispanic

1 Pacific Islander

These numbers make the addition of Frederick Douglass even more essential as he is the first black individual portrayed in this national collection.

I would say that the lack of diversity is a result of the fact the installation of statues was authorized in 1864, but it took a long time for all the states to provide the statues with some still not there in the early 90s  (Wikipedia).  I would have thought that by that time at least one state would have had a black citizen to honor.

Given the politics that would be involved in any state replacing a statue at this point, I think the collection will likely remain with its current mix of individuals.  The only hope might be if the territories get to add statues.  My old home island of Guam could provide some variety.  Consider the individual sculpted below.

Statue of Chief Kipuha (or, Quipuha) at the new Chamorro Village in Hagåtña.

 

By the way, there are 92 men and 8 women in the hall, something else on which to work.